Although the Midwestern countries are renowned as the primary fossil fuel consumers, the states have begun transitioning from traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources to cleaner and renewable alternatives.

With the large concentration of automotive industries in the European Western region dedicated to producing top-tier vehicles, military aircraft, and machinery, the region’s pollution level is nothing to be heard of, despite being for the noble causes of humanity.

However, Midwestern countries like Andorra, France, and the United Kingdom have started trying to transition to clean energy.

Transition to Clean Energy

Although petitions highlighting the dangers of climate change had urged countries in the mid-western region of Europe to invest in clean energy, the Russian-Ukrainian war pulled the last thread. With the sanction imposed on Russia regarding the acts of war, mid-western Europe was cut off from its primary oil and gas distributor.

While the earliest mentions of clean energy in the mid-western region date back over three decades, the true transition began due to the desire to be free of reliance on Russian fuel. 

Are you curious about the mid western countries’ efforts toward this transition? You’ve come to the right place!

The Real Pioneers of Renewable Energy in Mid West Europe

Germany is reputed to be the world’s leading producer of solar and wind energy, while also investing heavily in biomass and hydropower. While the neighboring countries took quite a while before setting their full sights on clean energy, Germany took its first strides by passing the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) in the early 2000s, introducing a feed-in tariff system to support the development of renewable energy.

Now, the share of renewable energy in Germany’s electricity mix has increased over a whopping 69% while still investing over 63 billion euros in renewable energy, aiming to meet up to 80% of renewable energy in its energy mix by 2030.

France’s 30 Billion Euros Investment in Renewable Energy

In 2021, President Emmanuel Macron unveiled a 5-year 30 billion euro plan for making France “The High Tech Champions of the Future,” aiming to decarbonize France. Highlighting its focus on developing offshore wind farms, solar power plants, and biomass energy facilities, France has focused primarily on wind farms, aiming to generate 24 gigawatts of offshore wind power by 2050.

Andorra’s Efforts Towards Power Innovation 

Targeting a 25% share of renewable energy in Andorra’s energy mix, the country has implemented several policies and innovations towards meeting the goal. 

Aside from offering a tax exemption on renewable energy projects, incentives for individuals and businesses to install renewable energy systems, and solar panels on public buildings and schools, Andorra’s partnership with Endessa is the pride of the active efforts in the region.

Endessa, a primary fuel and gas distributor, has won the tender of the Ministry of Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, which is investing over 1.6 billion euro to transform the region’s coal-fired thermal power plant to solar, wind, green hydrogen and storage projects, with a total installed capacity of more than 1,800 MW of new renewable capacity.

Challenges and Future Directions for Pioneering Energy and Power Innovation in the Midwest

Considering the conditions for the mid west’s transition to clean fuel energy, it’s safe to say the transition hasnt been without its challenges. Below are the major challenges faced during this ongoing transition. 

• Limited transmission capacity: The Midwest’s existing transmission infrastructure is often inadequate to support the growing number of renewable energy projects in the region.
• High costs: Renewable energy technologies, such as wind and solar, have become more affordable in recent years, but they are still more expensive than traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources.
• Job losses: The transition to clean energy leads to job losses in the fossil fuel industry, a significant employer in the Midwest.

Despite these challenges, the Midwest has several opportunities to hold its spot as the primary pioneer of energy-generation innovations. Below are future directions to pioneering energy and power innovation in the Midwest. 

• Developing and deploying more efficient and cost-effective renewable energy technologies.
• Integrating renewable energy as Andorra has done.
• Electrifying transportation: This will require developing more affordable and efficient electric vehicles and expanding the availability of charging infrastructure.
• Decarbonizing the industrial sector by developing new industrial processes and technologies that use less energy and produce fewer emissions.

Conclusion

Midwest Europe has unarguably risen as a pioneering force in clean energy innovation, from wind farms gracing the plains to the burgeoning solar fields and biofuel revolution. 

While challenges persist, the path is clear. By embracing efficient technologies, electrifying transportation, and decarbonizing industry, the Midwest’s commitment to sustainable energy promises a greener future, setting a shining example for all.

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Sports betting has evolved from the ancient Roman and Greek wagers on gladiator fights and chariot races of over two millennia ago to a prominent modern-day bookmaker Industry, which you can check out at https://allbets.tv/bookmakers/. Hoping to highlight the role of technology in this growth until 2023, we have dived into the evolution of sports betting. 

Keep reading to explore the evolution of sports betting, the contributions of technology to the industry in 2023, and some challenges that come with these innovations. 

Traditional Sports Betting to Online Sports Betting

Although history has placed the origin of sports betting between the Greeks and Romans, this adrenaline-filled pastime quickly extended its reach to England in the 16^th century, primarily famous on horse racing tracks. While facing opposition from the church and being restricted only to the upper class, Sports betting grew in popularity and seamlessly extended its global reach. 

Courtesy of recent technological advancements, sports betting has evolved from taking place at traditional walk-in stalls to a fully automated online industry in the 1990s, offering increased entertainment with the potential for mind-blowing rewards. 

New Sports Innovations in 2023

As we venture into the dynamic world of sports betting in 2023, the industry continues to evolve, keeping its promise of providing increased entertainment and the potential for mind-blowing rewards. The integration of cutting-edge technologies has opened the door to exciting new features, which we’re eager to highlight below.

E-Sports Betting

Technological improvements have also advanced the concept of video gaming beyond a simple recreational activity and into an industry with a large following. In 2023, sports bettors can watch their favorite streamers play their favorite games and get engaged by betting on specific in-game situations. FIFA, NBA, and League of Legends are among the most popular games on which people wager. 

Mobile Betting Apps

Mobile betting applications rank high among the innovations of 2023, offering punters the means to partake in the excitement at their convenience. While players were required to visit walk-in establishments to place their wagers, technology has given rise to mobile betting apps like Megapari and 22Bet, which offer unrestricted services via mobile devices.

In-Play Betting

While this feature was introduced in the 1990s, it has improved with time. While this tool first lets players place simple wagers on ongoing matches, it now allows bettors to gamble on a wide range of game conditions other than the winner. 

Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology

The integration of blockchain technology in online sports betting has paved the way for increased security features and the added perk of anonymity. While several worldwide regulatory bodies like the Curacao Gaming Control Board and the UKGC duly regulate online sports betting, punters are often profiled and restricted from accessing certain banking features.

However, by using cryptocurrencies, punters can place wagers with cryptocurrency without leaving any gambling trails on their financial records. 

Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Analysis 

While the early bettors relied solely on hearsay, punters’ access to new technology has opened up a variety of innovations to equip while placing wagers. AI leverages advanced algorithms and historical data to scrutinize a myriad of factors, including team performance, player statistics, weather conditions, and more, aiming to offer predictions based on the available data.

Opting for predictive analysis, punters can access past statistics to manually review the contenders’ past performances to aid in making informed wagers. 

Drawbacks of the Evolution of Sports Betting

Although this evolution has brought numerous advantages, it’s not without drawbacks. 

• Addiction and compulsive gambling
• Integrity and match-fixing issues pose a threat as more money flows through betting markets.
• Regulatory challenges and varying legal frameworks can also create complexities and loopholes.

Conclusion 

While balancing the benefits and cons of online sports betting remains a crucial concern as the business evolves, it is vital to note that these technological developments in sports betting are necessary. Aside from greater pleasure, these characteristics provide gamblers quick access, security, and confidence, removing the need for intermediaries, a lack of privacy, and limited betting alternatives. 

We are excited about the advancements yet to come, with virtual reality betting being one of the features now being fine-tuned for punters in 2023. While these developments provide punters with fascinating experiences, we advise bettors to gamble sensibly and for fun rather than profit. 

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Every developed country has its own power industry. This area includes different types of power plants. They can use traditional and non-traditional energy sources. In the first case, these are natural resources in the form of coal, gas, oil refinery products, nuclear fuel, etc. The second option involves the use of the energy of natural phenomena – the sun, wind, tides, underground heat sources. Regardless of the form of use, each power plant requires a lot of additional equipment to transfer the received energy to consumers.

What is a power plant

Any power plant is a whole energy complex, which includes various installations, apparatus and equipment necessary for generating, converting and transporting electricity. All these components are located in special buildings and structures located compactly in the common area. Regardless of the type, they are part of the Unified Energy System, created to efficiently use the power of the power plant, ensuring uninterrupted power supply to consumers
The principle of operation of power plants and their related facilities is based on the rotation of the generator shaft, which is the main element of the system. Its main functions are as follows:

• Ensuring stable long-term operation in parallel with other energy systems, supplying energy to its own autonomous loads.
• The ability to instantly respond to the presence or absence of a load corresponding to its rating.
• It starts the engine that ensures the operation of the entire station.
• Together with special devices, it performs a protection function.

The distinguishing features of each generator are the shapes and sizes, as well as the power source used to rotate the shaft. In addition to the generator, the power plant consists of turbines and boilers, transformers and switchgears, switching facilities, automation and relay protection.

At present, the direction in the field of compact installations has been developed. They allow you to provide energy not only to individual objects, but also to entire villages located at a considerable distance from stationary power lines. Basically, these are polar stations and mining enterprises. Now let’s consider what types of installations are used in the Brasil energy sector.

Main types of power plants

The table below classifies all power plants primarily according to the sources of energy used.

Among them are the following:

• Thermal (TPP) . They operate on natural fuel, and the main types of power plants can be condensing (CPP) and cogeneration (CHP). The first generate only electricity, and the second – electricity and heat.
• Hydraulic – hydroelectric power plants and pumped storage – pumped storage power plants , functioning at the expense of the energy of water, falling heights.
• Nuclear – nuclear power plants running on nuclear fuel.
• Diesel – DES . They are stationary or mobile. There are low power mini-power plants used in the private sector.
• Solar , wind, tidal and geothermal power plants are known as alternative sources of electricity that work with the natural forces of nature. They have a number of disadvantages associated with climatic conditions and other factors.

Each listed power plant represents traditional or alternative types of energy. In the first case, electricity is generated at thermal, hydro and nuclear installations. Thermal power plants generate approximately 70-75% of all electricity, so they are located in places with high energy consumption and a large amount of natural resources.

HPPs are tied to full-flowing rivers flowing in flat or mountainous areas. Nuclear power plants are built in places with high electricity consumption, with a lack of other types of energy resources. In order to understand their role and place in the overall energy system, it is necessary to consider in more detail the types of power plants used in Brasil.

Thermal power plants – TPPs

Thermal power plants in Brasil produce approximately 70% of all electrical energy. They run on fuel oil, gas, coal, and in certain areas peat and shale are used.

All thermal power plants can be divided into two main types. The first option is the so-called steam turbine, where the primary engine is a steam turbine. These devices can be condensing (CPP), which generate only electricity, and combined heat and power plants (CHP), which produce not only electricity, but also heat. The efficiency of CHP is 60-70%, while for IES this figure is 30-40%. The main disadvantage of thermal power plants is their mandatory binding to heat consumers.

Thermal power plants have much more positive qualities. They are freely placed in all areas where there are natural resources and are not subject to seasonal fluctuations in weather conditions. However, the fuel used is not renewable, and the installations themselves have a negative impact on the environment. Brasil thermal power plants do not have sufficiently effective systems for cleaning exhaust gases from harmful and toxic substances. Gas installations are considered more environmentally friendly, but the pipelines laid to them cause irreparable harm to nature.

Power plants located in the European part of the Brasil Federation operate mainly on fuel oil and natural gas, while in the eastern regions they are located near open-pit coal deposits. Most of the installations belong to the state district power plants – GRES, which are part of the Unified Energy System of the country.

Advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power plants

In terms of their importance, hydroelectric power stations are in second place after thermal power plants. In their work, they use the energy of water, which is converted into electricity, and is a renewable resource. Simple operation of such stations does not require a large number of personnel. The efficiency reaches up to 85%.

Electricity produced at hydroelectric power plants is considered the cheapest, its price is about 5-6 times less than at thermal power plants. Hydroelectric power plants are highly maneuverable and can be put into operation within 3-5 minutes, while at thermal power plants this takes several hours. This quality is especially important when peak loads are covered in the daily power supply schedule.

The main disadvantages of such structures are:

• Significant investment in their construction.
• Binding to a specific territory or area with water resources.
• In the process of construction, huge territories are flooded, large agricultural areas are taken out of use, fisheries are damaged, and the ecological balance is disturbed.
• The full capacity of the power plant is realized only at certain times of the year, during the period of maximum water rise.

Entire cascades of hydroelectric power plants are being built on Brasil rivers. The largest are the Angara-Yenisei cascade, which includes the Bratskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya, Ust-Ilimskaya HPPs, as well as the Volga cascade with the Rybinsk, Uglichskaya, Ivankovskaya, Saratovskaya, Volzhskaya and other hydroelectric power plants.

A pumped-storage power plant – a pumped storage power plant – is considered quite a promising direction. Their work is based on the principle of operation associated with the cyclic movement of the same volume of water between the upper and lower basins. At night, due to excess electricity, water is supplied from the bottom up, and during the daytime, with a sharp increase in energy consumption, it is dumped down and rotates turbines, producing electricity. These stations are completely independent of natural fluctuations in river flow, and reservoirs require much less flooded areas.

Nuclear power plants

In third place in terms of the amount of electricity produced are nuclear power plants. In Brasil, their share in the energy sector is slightly above 10%. In the US, this figure is 20%, in Germany – over 30%, in France – over 75%. The reduction of programs in the field of nuclear energy was due to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Considering the types of power plants in Brasil, it should be noted that the most famous nuclear power plants are Leningrad, Kursk, Smolensk, Novovoronezh, Beloyarsk and others. A new direction is the creation of ATES – nuclear combined heat and power plants that generate electrical and thermal energy. A similar facility was built in Chukotka in the village of Bilibino. Another direction is the construction of AST – nuclear heat supply stations designed to produce heat. Such installations are successfully operating in Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh.

The main advantages of nuclear power plants are as follows:

• The possibility of construction in any areas, without reference to energy resources. Transportation of nuclear fuel does not take much money, since 1 kg of uranium is equivalent to 2500 tons of coal.
• In the absence of operational disturbances, nuclear power plants are the most environmentally friendly installations. Emissions to the atmosphere are minimal, oxygen is not absorbed, and there is no greenhouse effect.

Considering the question of how a nuclear power plant works, it is necessary first of all to dwell on the severe consequences in case of accidents. In addition, serious problems arise with radioactive waste during its disposal. Reservoirs used for the technical purposes of nuclear power plants are subject to thermal pollution.

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Electricity is a universal form of energy. Its advantages include the easy transmission over long distances and the convenience of use by consumers. In order to generate electricity, power plants are used, in which different types of energy are converted into electrical energy. It’s possible to divide all types of power plants can be divided into two unequal groups: traditional, which is the vast majority, and non-traditional. The latter is significantly inferior to the former in terms of power and prevalence, but they have the advantage of being harmless to the environment.
Traditional types of power plants are thermal (TPP), nuclear (NPP), and hydroelectric (HPP). Non-traditional power plants use solar radiation, wind power, tides, sea currents, geothermal heat, and other renewable energy sources to generate electricity. Their share in electricity generation in OECD countries is steadily increasing and will reach 20% in the near future. This new trend, along with energy saving, should make a substantial contribution to the improvement of the environment. 38 countries are OECD members, but it is possible for you to get acquainted with advanced technologies in the field of construction and operation of power plants in any language, if you order the translation of documentation from a translation agency https://translation.center/de that specializes in translations in industrial sectors, including electrical engineering.

Thermal power plants (TPP)
This type of power plant is the most widespread. In developed countries, thermal power plants produce 70-75% of electricity. Thermal power plants got their name due to the primary source − the thermal energy of fuel combustion:
• natural gas;
• coal;
• peat;
• diesel or gasoline fuel.
The generation of electricity at thermal power plants is carried out using gas turbines or steam turbines. In the latter, the heat of the burnt fuel heats up the water vapor, and its jets rotate the turbine, thereby generating an electric current. Waste steam heat can be used to heat water supplied to the heating and hot water supply networks. Such thermal power plants are called CHP − combined heat and power plants.
Unlike other types of thermal power plants − condensing power plants (CPPs), CHPs are built near settlements − closer to heat consumers. This creates some problems for the population, since CHP plants are among the main air pollutants. The location of the thermal power plant, taking into account the wind rose, the use of new technologies to reduce harmful emissions, and energy saving help to solve this problem.

Hydroelectric power plants (HPP)
Their share in the electric power industry of a single country varies from 5 to 35%. The primary source of energy in a hydroelectric power station is the energy of falling water. The pressure of water jets on the turbine blades forces it to rotate; the generator converts this rotation into electric current. The main advantages of hydroelectric power plants are the low cost of electricity, as well as the environmental friendliness of production.
However, this can only be confirmed with reservations. Firstly, the low cost of electricity is obtained only after the cost of building a hydroelectric power station has been repaid. When it comes to hydroelectric power plants on lowland rivers, the cost of building a dam and the damage from flooding the land are often so high that the payback period stretches for decades. Secondly, such gross interference in the environment does not pass without a trace for nature.
Therefore, it makes sense to build new hydroelectric power stations only on fast mountain rivers, and leave the blocking of lowland waterways by dams in the past, as a tribute to the Soviet habit of “giant-mania”. Now the focus is put on economic feasibility, not records. New economic trends are aimed at energy saving and environmental friendliness, and this has largely affected the approach to the construction of hydroelectric power stations. Research and technical documentation will help in studying the experience of advanced countries in this matter. You can order translation of documentation from English, German, and French at a professional translation agency https://translation.center/de-uebersetzungsbuero-hamburg.

Nuclear power plants (NPP)
This type of power plant generates about 10% of the world’s electricity. The primary source for the generation of electricity at nuclear power plants is the thermal energy of a nuclear reaction during the fission of uranium in a nuclear reactor. Attitude towards nuclear power plants over the past decades has changed from the glorification of the “peaceful atom” to a phobia at the state level, as a result of which many nuclear power plants in European countries were closed. This was the result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which caused a large-scale environmental disaster.
If the danger of emergency situations is excluded and the problem of storage of nuclear waste is solved, then nuclear power plants, unlike thermal ones, practically do not pollute the environment and at the same time significantly exceed the latter in terms of power and productivity. These advantages do not allow abandoning this type of power plants, a more rational way is to search for new technologies that can maximize the safety level of nuclear power plants and reduce the risks of accidents. Certain progress has already been achieved in this direction, which makes the prospects for the development of nuclear energy promising.

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Hydropower plants (HPPs) are very efficient sources of energy. They use renewable resources – the mechanical energy of falling water. The necessary water head is created by dams that are erected on rivers and canals.

Hydraulic plants allow to reduce transportation and save mineral fuel (about 0.4 tons of coal per 1 kWh). They are easy enough to operate and have a very high coefficient of efficiency (more than 80%). The prime cost of this type of plants is 5…6 times lower, than that of thermal power plants, and they require much less personnel.

Location of HPPs largely depends on natural conditions, such as the nature and regime of the river. The scheme of hydropower plants is shown in Fig. 3. High-pressure hydroelectric plants are usually built in mountainous areas, and plants with a lower head but a higher flow rate are in operation on lowland rivers.

To create the head across the river channel, a dam is built to accumulate water in the reservoir and concentrate the difference in water level in a relatively small area (across the width of the dam). As a rule, directly adjacent to the dam is the HPP building, which houses the main equipment – hydraulic units (in the machine building) and devices for automatic control and management of HPP operation.

Water is supplied to the hydraulic turbines via pressure water pipelines. Rotation of the hydraulic turbine impeller under the pressure of falling water is transmitted to the shaft of the hydrogenerator, which generates electric current. In the open area next to the HPP building or in a separate building usually construct a HPP step-up transformer substation with switchgear.

HPPs are the second most important power plants after thermal power plants. In their work they use the energy of water converted into electric current, which is a renewable resource. The simple operation of such plants does not require a large number of personnel. The efficiency factor is up to 85%.

Electricity produced by hydroelectric power plants is considered the cheapest, its price is about 5-6 times less than that of thermal power plants. Hydropower plants are highly maneuverable and can be put into operation within 3-5 minutes, whereas at thermal power plants it takes several hours. This quality is especially important when covering peak loads in the daily power supply schedule.

The main disadvantages of such structures are:

• Significant capital investments for their construction.
• Binding to a certain territory or area with hydro resources.
• In the process of construction vast areas are flooded, large agricultural areas are withdrawn from use, damage is caused to fisheries, the ecological balance is disturbed.
• The full capacity of the power plant is realized only during certain times of the year, during the period of maximum rise of water.

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Nuclear power plant (NPP) – a power plant in which atomic (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. The generator of energy at the NPP is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of the chain fission reaction of some heavy element nuclei is then converted into electricity, just like in conventional thermal power plants (TPPs). Unlike thermal power plants using fossil fuel, nuclear power plants use nuclear fuel (mainly 233U, 235U, 239Pu).

During fission of 1 g of uranium or plutonium isotopes 22 500 kWh is released, which is equivalent to the energy contained in 2800 kg of fuel equivalent. It has been established that the world’s energy resources of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium, etc.) significantly exceed the energy resources of natural reserves of fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas, etc.). This opens up vast prospects for meeting the rapidly growing needs for fuel. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the increasing consumption of coal and oil for technological purposes of the world chemical industry, which is becoming a serious competitor to thermal power plants.

Despite the discovery of new deposits of fossil fuels and improvement of the methods of their extraction, there is a tendency to a relative increase in their cost in the world. This creates the most difficult conditions for countries with limited reserves of fossil fuels. There is an obvious need for the rapid development of nuclear power, which already occupies a prominent place in the energy balance of several industrial countries.

Heat emitted in the reactor core is taken by the water (coolant) of the 1st circuit, which is pumped through the reactor by the main circulation pump. The heated water from the reactor enters the heat exchanger (steam generator), where it transfers the heat received in the reactor to the water of the 2nd circuit. The water of the 2nd circuit evaporates in the steam generator and the resulting steam enters the turbine. There are 4 types of thermal neutron reactors most commonly used at NPPs:

Water-water reactors with water as moderator and coolant;
Graphite-water reactors with a water coolant and a graphite moderator;
heavy-water with a water coolant and heavy water as a moderator;
graphite-gas with a gas coolant and a graphite moderator.

The choice of the reactor type to be used is mainly determined by the accumulated experience in reactor engineering, as well as by the availability of the necessary industrial equipment, raw material reserves, etc. Water-water reactors are most commonly used at U.S. nuclear power plants. Graphite-gas reactors are used in England. Nuclear power plants in Canada are dominated by NPPs with heavy-water reactors. Depending on the type and aggregate state of the coolant, one or another thermodynamic cycle of NPP is created.

Selection of the upper temperature limit of thermodynamic cycle is determined by the maximum permissible temperature of fuel element cladding (FEC) containing nuclear fuel, permissible temperature of nuclear fuel itself, as well as the properties of coolant, adopted for this type of reactor. At NPPs with water-cooled thermal reactors, low-temperature steam cycles are usually used. Reactors with a gas coolant allow the use of relatively more economical water steam cycles with higher initial pressure and temperature.

Heat scheme of NPP in these two cases is executed as 2-circuit: in the 1st circuit the coolant circulates, the 2nd circuit is a steam-water circuit. In case of reactors with boiling water or high-temperature gas coolant, a single-circuit thermal NPP is possible. In boiling water reactors, water boils in the core, the resulting steam-water mixture is separated, and saturated steam is sent either directly to the turbine or preliminarily returned to the core for superheating; in high-temperature graphite-gas reactors, a conventional gas-turbine cycle can be used. In this case, the reactor acts as a combustion chamber. During reactor operation, the concentration of fissile isotopes in the nuclear fuel gradually decreases, i.e. fuel rods burn out, so they are eventually replaced with fresh ones. Nuclear fuel is reloaded using remotely operated mechanisms and devices.

The spent fuel rods are transferred to the decay pool and then sent for reprocessing. The reactor and its service systems include: the reactor itself with biological protection, heat exchangers, pumps or gas blowers that circulate coolant, pipelines and fittings of the circulation circuit, devices for reloading the nuclear fuel, special ventilation systems, emergency cooldown, etc.

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Thermal power plants (TPPs) are the most powerful power plants located at fuel extraction sites. TPPs, which use calorific, transportable fuel, are focused on consumers.

It is worth bearing in mind that its design may include several circuits – the coolant from the fuel reactor may not go directly to the turbine, but give its heat in the heat exchanger to the heat carrier of the next circuit, which can already go to the turbine, and may pass its energy to the next circuit. Also in any power plant there is a system for cooling the spent coolant in order to bring the coolant temperature to the required value for the repeated cycle.

If there is a settlement near the power plant, the spent coolant heat is used to heat water for home heating or hot water supply, and if not, the excess heat of the spent coolant is simply discharged into the atmosphere in cooling towers or into a water body (pond, lake, river) cooler.

Thermal power plants produce electrical energy by converting the heat energy released during the combustion of fossil fuels. Most thermal power plants use thermal steam turbine units, which use thermal energy in a steam generator to produce high-pressure water steam, which drives a steam turbine rotor connected to the rotor of an electric generator (usually a synchronous generator). As fuel at such TPPs coal (mainly), fuel oil, natural gas, lignite, peat, oil shale are used.

TPPs with CCPs, having condensing turbines as power generator drives and not using exhaust steam heat to supply heat to external consumers, are called condensing power plants (CCPPs or GRESs). TPPs with CCPs, equipped with cogeneration turbines and giving the heat of exhaust steam to industrial or municipal consumers, are called combined heat and power plants (CHPPs).

TPPs with a gas turbine drive of an electric generator are called TPPs with gas turbine units (GTU). In the GTU combustion chamber gas or liquid fuel is burned; combustion products with a temperature of 750 … 900°С go to the gas turbine, rotating the electric generator. The efficiency of such TPPs usually makes 26 … 28 %, the capacity – up to several hundreds of MW. TPPs with GTUs are usually used to cover peaks of electric load.

Thermal power plants can be equipped with a combined cycle plant (CCPP), consisting of a steam turbine and a gas turbine unit. The efficiency of such a power plant can reach 42…43 %. GTUs and CCUs can also supply heat to external consumers, i.e. they can operate as combined heat and power plants. Thermal power plants use widespread fuel resources, are relatively freely located and can generate electricity without seasonal fluctuations. They are built quickly and are associated with less labor and material costs. But thermal power plants have significant disadvantages. They use non-renewable resources, have low efficiency (30…35 %), have an extremely negative impact on the environmental situation.

Thermal power plants around the world emit 200 … 250 million tons of ash and about 60 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere every year, and absorb a huge amount of oxygen. It was found that coal in microdoses almost always contains U238, Th232 and radioactive carbon isotope.

The primary role among thermal plants is played by condensing power plants (CPPs). They gravitate both to fuel sources and consumers and are therefore very widespread. The larger the CHPP, the farther it can transmit electric power, i.e. as its capacity increases, the influence of the fuel and energy factor increases. CHPPs (combined heat and power plants) are units for combined production of electricity and heat. Their efficiency is up to 70 % against 32…38 % at CHPPs. CHPs are tied to consumers, because the radius of heat (steam, hot water) transmission is 15…20 km. The maximum capacity of CHPPs is less, than of CHPPs. Currently there are some brand new units:

Gas turbine (GTU) plants, in which gas turbines are used instead of steam turbines, which removes the problem of water supply;
Combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) units, where the exhaust heat is used to heat water and produce low-pressure steam;
Magnetohydrodynamic generators (MHD-generators), which convert heat directly into electric power.

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